This research will examine and analyse the situation and conditions of working children in the agricultural labour force of the United States, to find what social progress has to be made in order to protect children against any form of exploitation or harmful labour, which may have negative physical or psychological consequences on them.
I. Minimum Age
A. Laws about minimum age
1. General labour force
2. Agricultural labour force
3. Hazardous work
B. Minimum age violation
1. Family farms
2. Other farms
3. Quebec example
C. Consequences
II. Work conditions
A. Hours of work on a school day
1. General labour force
2. Agricultural labour force
3. Consequences on children
B. The minimum wage
1. Agricultural labour force
2. Farms contractors and farm owners
3. Quebec example
C. Health and safety risks
1. Pesticides
2. Sanitation
III. Education
A. Attendance to school
B. Poverty
IV. Social progress
A. Regulations regarding education
B. Regulations regarding work conditions
C. Regulations regarding minimum age
Showing posts with label Child Labour Research. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Child Labour Research. Show all posts
Monday, April 16, 2007
Monday, March 5, 2007
Review of the literature
Review of the Literature;Emotional, Physical and Psychological Consequences of Using Children in the Rural American Labour Force
Of nearly 250 million children engaged in child labor around the world, the vast majority- 70 percent, or some 170 million-are working in agriculture. Child agricultural workers frequently work for long hours in scorching heat, haul heavy loads of produce, are exposed to toxic pesticides, and suffer high rates of injury from sharp knives and other dangerous tools. Their work is gruelling and harsh, and violates their rights to health, education, and protection from work that is hazardous or exploitative. (Human Rights Watch)
Child Labour and Child Work
First of all, there is a distinction to be made in order to really understand the problem of child labour, and it is to classify what is child labour and what it is not. “At one end, certain work activities can be beneficial to children, or, toward the center, at least not harmful”, which is qualified as child work, and “at the other end […] harmful work” and “work that keeps children from attending to school”(Hindman; continuetolearn.com), which is considered as child labour. However, what has been recognised to be harmful work according to the law?
Historically; Towards Regulations
Child labour was present in every industry, mines, mills, and factories at the beginning of the 1900’s, says Hindman. Even though there were some king of an attempt to regulate child labour before 1903, in his historical overview of child labour, Todd Postol mentions that the first person who really brought up the child labour issue in the United States is a woman called Mary “Mother” Jones. Her main goal was to get “national attention to the health risks faced by working children,” and has one of her achievements, “on May 29, 1903, [she had] 100 000 textile workers, including 16 thousand children below 16, [walk] off their jobs at mills in and around Philadelphia” (2). This strike was one of the first steps taken towards child labour regulation in the United States. Then, as mentioned by Todd Postol and in continuetolearn.com, in 1904, the National Child Labor Committee was founded, and for forty years, fought child labour industry by industry. Afterwards, the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act was adopted by the congress in 1916 and voted unconstitutional in 1918. Consequently, Julie Novkov demonstrates in her research that the reason why “the legislation did not succeed through out the country is because of the fear the government had and that the manufacturers knew how to play with it” (3). In result of that pressure on the government, she divides the outcomes of the fight against child labour in two categories, the fact that the successes were on the state level and the failures on the federal level (Novkov, 2), and as a result, the government was not able to put in place one law that regulated child labour all over the country. However, in 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act, which for the first time regulated child labour on the federal level. Finally, the Convention 182 was adopted on June 17th, 1999 by the International Labour Organisation as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, which “condemns certain forms of child labor including slavery, sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and other forms of forced labor, child prostitution and pornography, and use of children in illicit activities such as drug trafficking” (Hindman; ILO). However, not all forms of child labour had disappeared from the United States. As expressed by Jongsoog Kim, Lydia Zepeda, and Paula Kantor in their research, still today there is a major lack in child labour regulation concerning the United States’ rural area, more precisely in agricultural labour force(2).
Rural Child Labour
Unfortunately, children working on farms work in poor conditions, such as being exposed to dangerous pesticides, that encounter suffering from headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, many of them are forced to work without access to sanitary facilities, they are not feed properly, they work under temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit and are somewhat kept from going to school because of the long hours of work they have to attend (Human Rights Watch). Moreover, in a research on children working on family farms, it was found that the parents are more likely to let their children do hazardous work, like driving tractors at a really young age, because they do not really feel the danger of it, but see the benefits working on the farm and having responsibilities will bring to the children (Kim, Zepeda, Kantor, 3). However on family farms, children most of the time, still go to school and work after school with their parents. On the contrary, when it come to immigrant or seasonal farm workers, children do not attempt school and work alongside with their parents as young as 4-5 years old (Fingers to the Bone, 10). Most children who work on farms do so, because of poverty in their families and because, the only place of employment available for them is on rural farms (Fingers to the Bone, 10-11). Compared to family farms, where children work because their parents think that by living and working on the family farm, their children learn responsibilities, work ethics, skills, and how to solve problems (Kim, Zepeda, Kantor, 6). In the same manner, psychologists suggest that children are more likely to develop moral and financial responsibility through family interaction rather than through work experiences outside the home because the family is still the primary place for child development (Kim, Zepeda, Kantor, 7), therefore working on the family farm is beneficial psychologically for children. Meanwhile, children working on farms in general encounter many psychological problems, because their work is not supervised by their loving parents, but exploitative bosses and their conditions are far from being adequate, working long hours, not attending to school, brain damages from heat illness, depression caused by jobs uncertainty and frequent moves, social stigmatisation, isolation, among others (continuetolearn.com; Human Rights Watch; Finger to the Bones; Kim, Zepeta, and Kantor; International Labour Organization). In result to high pressure, a studied had shown that farm workers are vulnerable to substances abuse, which can take away pain and temporary make them think their life is better (Fingers to the Bone, 25). They also get down to taking drugs for performances, especially those who work at peace rate, where the pace of work determines the earnings (Fingers to the Bone, 26). Nonetheless, there are special risks faced by girls working on farms, such as, sexual harassments, and the rate of teen pregnancy on the United States farms is 54.4 per 1,000. Moreover, most of them do not know that sexual harassment is a crime and endure it (Fingers to the Bones, 35). The worst of it is if they say no, they lose their employment.
All those extremely inadequate consequences on children are caused because the laws concerning agricultural labour are not strict enough regarding children on the federal level in the United States. Therefore, this is the reason why my research will examine and analyse what has to be improved in the regulations regarding the rural child labour force of the United States, in order to protect children against any form of exploitations or harmful labour, which may have emotional, physical or mental consequences on their health.
Of nearly 250 million children engaged in child labor around the world, the vast majority- 70 percent, or some 170 million-are working in agriculture. Child agricultural workers frequently work for long hours in scorching heat, haul heavy loads of produce, are exposed to toxic pesticides, and suffer high rates of injury from sharp knives and other dangerous tools. Their work is gruelling and harsh, and violates their rights to health, education, and protection from work that is hazardous or exploitative. (Human Rights Watch)
Child Labour and Child Work
First of all, there is a distinction to be made in order to really understand the problem of child labour, and it is to classify what is child labour and what it is not. “At one end, certain work activities can be beneficial to children, or, toward the center, at least not harmful”, which is qualified as child work, and “at the other end […] harmful work” and “work that keeps children from attending to school”(Hindman; continuetolearn.com), which is considered as child labour. However, what has been recognised to be harmful work according to the law?
Historically; Towards Regulations
Child labour was present in every industry, mines, mills, and factories at the beginning of the 1900’s, says Hindman. Even though there were some king of an attempt to regulate child labour before 1903, in his historical overview of child labour, Todd Postol mentions that the first person who really brought up the child labour issue in the United States is a woman called Mary “Mother” Jones. Her main goal was to get “national attention to the health risks faced by working children,” and has one of her achievements, “on May 29, 1903, [she had] 100 000 textile workers, including 16 thousand children below 16, [walk] off their jobs at mills in and around Philadelphia” (2). This strike was one of the first steps taken towards child labour regulation in the United States. Then, as mentioned by Todd Postol and in continuetolearn.com, in 1904, the National Child Labor Committee was founded, and for forty years, fought child labour industry by industry. Afterwards, the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act was adopted by the congress in 1916 and voted unconstitutional in 1918. Consequently, Julie Novkov demonstrates in her research that the reason why “the legislation did not succeed through out the country is because of the fear the government had and that the manufacturers knew how to play with it” (3). In result of that pressure on the government, she divides the outcomes of the fight against child labour in two categories, the fact that the successes were on the state level and the failures on the federal level (Novkov, 2), and as a result, the government was not able to put in place one law that regulated child labour all over the country. However, in 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act, which for the first time regulated child labour on the federal level. Finally, the Convention 182 was adopted on June 17th, 1999 by the International Labour Organisation as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, which “condemns certain forms of child labor including slavery, sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and other forms of forced labor, child prostitution and pornography, and use of children in illicit activities such as drug trafficking” (Hindman; ILO). However, not all forms of child labour had disappeared from the United States. As expressed by Jongsoog Kim, Lydia Zepeda, and Paula Kantor in their research, still today there is a major lack in child labour regulation concerning the United States’ rural area, more precisely in agricultural labour force(2).
Rural Child Labour
Unfortunately, children working on farms work in poor conditions, such as being exposed to dangerous pesticides, that encounter suffering from headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, many of them are forced to work without access to sanitary facilities, they are not feed properly, they work under temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit and are somewhat kept from going to school because of the long hours of work they have to attend (Human Rights Watch). Moreover, in a research on children working on family farms, it was found that the parents are more likely to let their children do hazardous work, like driving tractors at a really young age, because they do not really feel the danger of it, but see the benefits working on the farm and having responsibilities will bring to the children (Kim, Zepeda, Kantor, 3). However on family farms, children most of the time, still go to school and work after school with their parents. On the contrary, when it come to immigrant or seasonal farm workers, children do not attempt school and work alongside with their parents as young as 4-5 years old (Fingers to the Bone, 10). Most children who work on farms do so, because of poverty in their families and because, the only place of employment available for them is on rural farms (Fingers to the Bone, 10-11). Compared to family farms, where children work because their parents think that by living and working on the family farm, their children learn responsibilities, work ethics, skills, and how to solve problems (Kim, Zepeda, Kantor, 6). In the same manner, psychologists suggest that children are more likely to develop moral and financial responsibility through family interaction rather than through work experiences outside the home because the family is still the primary place for child development (Kim, Zepeda, Kantor, 7), therefore working on the family farm is beneficial psychologically for children. Meanwhile, children working on farms in general encounter many psychological problems, because their work is not supervised by their loving parents, but exploitative bosses and their conditions are far from being adequate, working long hours, not attending to school, brain damages from heat illness, depression caused by jobs uncertainty and frequent moves, social stigmatisation, isolation, among others (continuetolearn.com; Human Rights Watch; Finger to the Bones; Kim, Zepeta, and Kantor; International Labour Organization). In result to high pressure, a studied had shown that farm workers are vulnerable to substances abuse, which can take away pain and temporary make them think their life is better (Fingers to the Bone, 25). They also get down to taking drugs for performances, especially those who work at peace rate, where the pace of work determines the earnings (Fingers to the Bone, 26). Nonetheless, there are special risks faced by girls working on farms, such as, sexual harassments, and the rate of teen pregnancy on the United States farms is 54.4 per 1,000. Moreover, most of them do not know that sexual harassment is a crime and endure it (Fingers to the Bones, 35). The worst of it is if they say no, they lose their employment.
All those extremely inadequate consequences on children are caused because the laws concerning agricultural labour are not strict enough regarding children on the federal level in the United States. Therefore, this is the reason why my research will examine and analyse what has to be improved in the regulations regarding the rural child labour force of the United States, in order to protect children against any form of exploitations or harmful labour, which may have emotional, physical or mental consequences on their health.
Notes: Review of the literature
Historicizing the Figure of the Child in Legal Discourse: The Battle over the Regulation of Child Labor written by Julie Novkov
She states that two distinctions between these outcomes are the time difference between them (the successes were early and the failures were later) and the fact that the successes were on the state level and the failures were on the federal level (p.2)
She states that the reason why the legislations did not succeed through out the country is because of the fear the government had and that the manufacturers knew how to play with it (p.3)
Interpretation and political pressures had impacts on the child labour question (p.3)
Interpretation includes political people inside and outside the legal system (p.3)
The conflict in the debate had first worked in favour of the progressive forces that got the regulation. But afterwards, anti-regulation advocates manipulated the same concepts to get to their point (p.4)
The campaigns for child labour also explains the role of the interested organisations and the courts’ dealing with statutes regulating child labour. (p.4)
She tells that child labor has always been seen as a problem since industrialization age in the US, but it did not get under way until the progressive era. (p.4) Before that children were seen to be valuable to their parents where they were seen to be a good way to earn extra wages.
Important organization: The National Consumer’s League spoke about the “childrens’ terrible working conditions” and stongly suggested that consumers should not by product manufactured by children. (p.5)
National Child Labor Committee founded in 1904
Organization leader: Owen Levojoy
By 1911 the committee had 30 states that improved their regulations about child labour (p.5) and by 1914, 40 states, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia had prohibited some or all form of child labour. (p.6)
Keating-Owen bill which is a limitation of child labour (p.6) the bill became a law in the fall of 1916 but the law was taken away in 1918.
P.7 includes a bunch of other attempts to regulate child labour who did not successfully work.
Twentieth amendment??? Sentinels of the Republic
Pauline Goldmark; pamphlet about the conditions in the canneries (p.13)
In brief, this text explains the steps to the regulations and legislations of child labour in the US
p.21 Congress attempts to regulate
p.27 The battle over the child labor amendment
The battle over regulation of child labor shows how legal discourse influences and is influenced by the relationship among reformers, attorneys, and the courts.
This text is relevant explaining who played major roles and how did a national regulation failed to take place in the US.
Novkov, Julie, “Historicizing the Figure of the Child in Legal Discourse: The Battle over the Regulation of Child Labor,” The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 44, No.4, (2000), 369-404, 31 January 2007.
She states that two distinctions between these outcomes are the time difference between them (the successes were early and the failures were later) and the fact that the successes were on the state level and the failures were on the federal level (p.2)
She states that the reason why the legislations did not succeed through out the country is because of the fear the government had and that the manufacturers knew how to play with it (p.3)
Interpretation and political pressures had impacts on the child labour question (p.3)
Interpretation includes political people inside and outside the legal system (p.3)
The conflict in the debate had first worked in favour of the progressive forces that got the regulation. But afterwards, anti-regulation advocates manipulated the same concepts to get to their point (p.4)
The campaigns for child labour also explains the role of the interested organisations and the courts’ dealing with statutes regulating child labour. (p.4)
She tells that child labor has always been seen as a problem since industrialization age in the US, but it did not get under way until the progressive era. (p.4) Before that children were seen to be valuable to their parents where they were seen to be a good way to earn extra wages.
Important organization: The National Consumer’s League spoke about the “childrens’ terrible working conditions” and stongly suggested that consumers should not by product manufactured by children. (p.5)
National Child Labor Committee founded in 1904
Organization leader: Owen Levojoy
By 1911 the committee had 30 states that improved their regulations about child labour (p.5) and by 1914, 40 states, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia had prohibited some or all form of child labour. (p.6)
Keating-Owen bill which is a limitation of child labour (p.6) the bill became a law in the fall of 1916 but the law was taken away in 1918.
P.7 includes a bunch of other attempts to regulate child labour who did not successfully work.
Twentieth amendment??? Sentinels of the Republic
Pauline Goldmark; pamphlet about the conditions in the canneries (p.13)
In brief, this text explains the steps to the regulations and legislations of child labour in the US
p.21 Congress attempts to regulate
p.27 The battle over the child labor amendment
The battle over regulation of child labor shows how legal discourse influences and is influenced by the relationship among reformers, attorneys, and the courts.
This text is relevant explaining who played major roles and how did a national regulation failed to take place in the US.
Novkov, Julie, “Historicizing the Figure of the Child in Legal Discourse: The Battle over the Regulation of Child Labor,” The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 44, No.4, (2000), 369-404, 31 January 2007
Notes: Review of the literature
Public Health and Working Children in Twentieth-Century America : An Historical Overview written by Todd Postol.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0197-5897%28199323%2914%3A3%3C348%3APHAWCI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
He makes a summary of the history of child labour in the United States at the beginning of the paper. He also states numerous physical problems that occurred to children depending on their job.
Important person: Mary “Mother” Jones, who was one of the first people that focused attention on child labour. She organized many different actions to make people aware of the child labour problem in the US. Her goal was to get “national attention to the health risks faced by working children” (p.3).
Important committee: New York Child Labor Committee was formed of educators, reformers and physicians. The bill they achieved to put in place did not protect across-the-board child labour and did not protect homework and agriculture.
National Child Labor Committee was found in 1904. For forty years, armed with statistics and maps the fought child labour industry by industry. (p.4)
Important publication in Life magazine.
Publicising abuses towards children had a major impact, more as a decisive role. (p.6) and in the mid-1930’s parents rejected any form of work if it could harm their children in any way, physically or emotionally. (p.6)
Study name: When teenagers work
Relevant text that shows the progress made according to child labour and that names many important association and people.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0197-5897%28199323%2914%3A3%3C348%3APHAWCI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
He makes a summary of the history of child labour in the United States at the beginning of the paper. He also states numerous physical problems that occurred to children depending on their job.
Important person: Mary “Mother” Jones, who was one of the first people that focused attention on child labour. She organized many different actions to make people aware of the child labour problem in the US. Her goal was to get “national attention to the health risks faced by working children” (p.3).
Important committee: New York Child Labor Committee was formed of educators, reformers and physicians. The bill they achieved to put in place did not protect across-the-board child labour and did not protect homework and agriculture.
National Child Labor Committee was found in 1904. For forty years, armed with statistics and maps the fought child labour industry by industry. (p.4)
Important publication in Life magazine.
Publicising abuses towards children had a major impact, more as a decisive role. (p.6) and in the mid-1930’s parents rejected any form of work if it could harm their children in any way, physically or emotionally. (p.6)
Study name: When teenagers work
Relevant text that shows the progress made according to child labour and that names many important association and people.
Notes: Review of the literature
Child Labor Supply on US Family Farms: An Interdisciplinary Conceptualization written by Jongsoog Kim from the Korea Women’s Development Institute, Lydia Zepeda and Paula Kantor from the Universtiry of Wisconsin-Madison.
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=03-03-2012&FMT=7&DID=796942001&RQT=309&cfc=1
They state that most farm children in the United States work on their family farms. In developing countries, children are less likely to attend school full time, when in US most children do the work after school. The framework done for the developing countries does not fit for US because, and they state that risk perception should be included in the framework.
The research answers 2 questions: 1) Why do children work?, and 2) How much do they work?. This research develops a framework for children farm worker.
It states that parents decide their children’s labor supply on the family farm (p.4) and those parents are responsible for the development, education and leisure (educational activities) of those children.
The authors also state that even though children had always worked in family farms, the parents are motivated because they think, by living and working on a farm, their children will learn responsibility, work ethics, skills, and how to solve problems (p.6). Moreover, psychologists suggest that children are more likely to develop moral and financial responsibility through family interaction rather than through work experiences outside the home because the family is still the primary place for child development (p.7).
Working at home has also a big impact on communication within the closeness of the family. Therefore, country life is beneficial for children. The research puts together a bunch of economical and uneconomical facts that comes down to answering the two questions of the research.
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=03-03-2012&FMT=7&DID=796942001&RQT=309&cfc=1
They state that most farm children in the United States work on their family farms. In developing countries, children are less likely to attend school full time, when in US most children do the work after school. The framework done for the developing countries does not fit for US because, and they state that risk perception should be included in the framework.
The research answers 2 questions: 1) Why do children work?, and 2) How much do they work?. This research develops a framework for children farm worker.
It states that parents decide their children’s labor supply on the family farm (p.4) and those parents are responsible for the development, education and leisure (educational activities) of those children.
The authors also state that even though children had always worked in family farms, the parents are motivated because they think, by living and working on a farm, their children will learn responsibility, work ethics, skills, and how to solve problems (p.6). Moreover, psychologists suggest that children are more likely to develop moral and financial responsibility through family interaction rather than through work experiences outside the home because the family is still the primary place for child development (p.7).
Working at home has also a big impact on communication within the closeness of the family. Therefore, country life is beneficial for children. The research puts together a bunch of economical and uneconomical facts that comes down to answering the two questions of the research.
Monday, February 19, 2007
Revised Thesis Statement
Emotional, Physical and Psychological Consequences of using Children in the Rural American Labour Force
This research will examine and analyse what has to be improved in the regulations in the rural child labour force of the United States, in order to protect children against any form of exploitations or harmful labour, that may have a negative result emotionally, psysically or mentally on them.
This research will examine and analyse what has to be improved in the regulations in the rural child labour force of the United States, in order to protect children against any form of exploitations or harmful labour, that may have a negative result emotionally, psysically or mentally on them.
Sunday, February 11, 2007
Thesis Statement
Using Children; Thesis Statement
This research will provide information about the history of child labour to examine and analyse what has to be ameliorated in the regulations about child labour in the United States, in order to protect children against any form of exploitations or harmful labour, that can have a negative result emotionally, physically or mentally on them.
This research will provide information about the history of child labour to examine and analyse what has to be ameliorated in the regulations about child labour in the United States, in order to protect children against any form of exploitations or harmful labour, that can have a negative result emotionally, physically or mentally on them.
Research Propasal 2
Using Children
The research paper I am about to do about child labour, will bring forward what still lacks in the regulations about child labour in the United States of America today, by examining and analysing what has been done and tried and what has not. Plus, I will try to bring new ideas forward, in order to abolish child labour completely from United States based on researches made by scholars.
To help my audience understand the specific vocabulary and certain ideas brought in up in the paper, I will produce an appendix and end notes that will explain more in depth certain ideas or points made by the scholars I will base my research paper on.
This topic really came out of nowhere. I am a person that is interested in so many different subjects that I did not know what I was going to do with that research. However, while searching the Internet, I saw those two words, and read about it. It seemed pretty interesting and I could not stop thinking about it. People’s right is something that really touches me deeply, especially children’s right. As soon as I read what it was, I wanted to learn more about it, and I feel like I need to. It’s worth my time and any anybody else’s time, because I think not enough people know about the subject, including me. It is a way for me to learn something new and to get other people to know about it as well. In a way, I want to teach something to the ones that will read my paper and my blog about child labour and children rights in the United States of America. Moreover, I want them to become concerned about that subject, because while reading about it, I became concerned.
The research paper I am about to do about child labour, will bring forward what still lacks in the regulations about child labour in the United States of America today, by examining and analysing what has been done and tried and what has not. Plus, I will try to bring new ideas forward, in order to abolish child labour completely from United States based on researches made by scholars.
To help my audience understand the specific vocabulary and certain ideas brought in up in the paper, I will produce an appendix and end notes that will explain more in depth certain ideas or points made by the scholars I will base my research paper on.
This topic really came out of nowhere. I am a person that is interested in so many different subjects that I did not know what I was going to do with that research. However, while searching the Internet, I saw those two words, and read about it. It seemed pretty interesting and I could not stop thinking about it. People’s right is something that really touches me deeply, especially children’s right. As soon as I read what it was, I wanted to learn more about it, and I feel like I need to. It’s worth my time and any anybody else’s time, because I think not enough people know about the subject, including me. It is a way for me to learn something new and to get other people to know about it as well. In a way, I want to teach something to the ones that will read my paper and my blog about child labour and children rights in the United States of America. Moreover, I want them to become concerned about that subject, because while reading about it, I became concerned.
In addition, when I was a child, my parents gave me little jobs to do around the house and with their company. I asked them myself because I wanted pocket money, and that I knew they had to pay someone to do the job anyway. It was not hard physically or mentally nor dangerous, plus it was never more than four hours a week and it was not every week. Moreover, it made me more responsible than other children my age, because I had a deadline to follow. That is why, I feel the need to dig deeper into that subject, in order to understand and learn how abusing children mentally, emotionally and physically, through work, at a really young age, was once admissible and is still not as strictly regulated as it should be, according to many scholars.
The first step is to read about child labour in the United States, in order to discover enough information to have a complete research paper. My second step is, as I am going to read, take notes on my computer, by numbering the texts I will read and match my notes with the text number. Then as a third step, when I will be done finding my information, I will revise the information found in order to stay as close as possible to my thesis statement, because I can end up having too much information for a 12 page paper, plus the information might not all be relevant to my thesis statement. After taking notes on what is important, my fourth step will be writing my first draft, not a complete 12 page, because I want to keep a certain freedom. As a fifth step, I will have my revising team reading it. I might finish a part, have them read it, correct it, get them to read it again, and then present the other parts, and so on. Then, the sixth part will be writing the final version and show it to my revising team again, prepare a sheet with questions for them to answer, so I will know I have included only important information and I have answered all their questions about child labour. Then, I will compile their answers, will put the final touches, go to the writing center for final correction and I will give it in.
Monday, February 5, 2007
Notes: Review of the literature
Unfinished Business : The Persistence of Child Labor in the US written by Hugh D. Hindman a professor of Labor & Human Resources at the Appalachian State University in Boone, USA.
MLA bibliography: Hindman, Hugh D. "Unfinished Business: The Persistence of Child Labor in the U. S." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 18.2 (2006): 125-31. 31 January 2007 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/y785x9773w618067/fulltext.pdf>
"This essay assesses residual child labor problems in the Us today"
Child labor vs. child work
Child work: work that can be beneficial for children or at least nor harmful
Child labor: harmful work
“Convention #182 of the International Labor Organization condemns certain forms of child labor including slavery, sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and other forms of forced labor, child prostitution and pornography, and use of children in illicit activities such as drug trafficking, and recommends the act of placing children in these situations be criminalized.”Child labor is anything that can harm a child physically, mentally or morally according to Convention #182 of the ILO. Plus, any form of work by a child under ten years old is considered as being child labor, and all children under eighteen are protected against hazardous work.
Historically
Even though the progress was really slow, by the mid-30’s, children under fourteen were removed from the mines, mills and factories, and with all the other regulations by 1938 the child labor was removed completely from the mines, mills and factories. Children became “economically worthless but priceless emotionally”
Today
Most common freelance jobs held by girls is babysitting and by boys yard work. Other jobs such as snow shovelling, chores and odd jobs, newspaper routes and pet care are held by children nowadays. Most of these jobs held by children between twelve and sixteen are seen as a tool for children to learn to take responsibilities, gain independence and self-confidence, among other values.
But there are still children that are illegally unemployed in the United States every year and that are abused by their bosses. The most common violation is excessive hours combined with hazardous work.
Child labor in Agriculture
Child labor on family farms remains today unregulated. Children of any age can work an amazing amount of hours after school. There are three groups of farm work. Children working on family farms, seasonal workers and migrant workers, and it is more dangerous for a children working on the family farm, because they are more likely to be permitted to do hazardous work.
Other jobs were children face a rate of fatality higher than adults are in construction, were it is twice as dangerous for a children that for an adult, for that reason children under eighteen are banned from the construction jobs, in sweatshops and in child prostitution and child traffic, which are regulated, but authorities face difficulties stopping all of it.
Conclusion
Child labor is most often seen as something from the past, but it still exists unfortunately, and the causes are numerous.
MLA bibliography: Hindman, Hugh D. "Unfinished Business: The Persistence of Child Labor in the U. S." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 18.2 (2006): 125-31. 31 January 2007 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/y785x9773w618067/fulltext.pdf>
"This essay assesses residual child labor problems in the Us today"
Child labor vs. child work
Child work: work that can be beneficial for children or at least nor harmful
Child labor: harmful work
“Convention #182 of the International Labor Organization condemns certain forms of child labor including slavery, sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and other forms of forced labor, child prostitution and pornography, and use of children in illicit activities such as drug trafficking, and recommends the act of placing children in these situations be criminalized.”Child labor is anything that can harm a child physically, mentally or morally according to Convention #182 of the ILO. Plus, any form of work by a child under ten years old is considered as being child labor, and all children under eighteen are protected against hazardous work.
Historically
Even though the progress was really slow, by the mid-30’s, children under fourteen were removed from the mines, mills and factories, and with all the other regulations by 1938 the child labor was removed completely from the mines, mills and factories. Children became “economically worthless but priceless emotionally”
Today
Most common freelance jobs held by girls is babysitting and by boys yard work. Other jobs such as snow shovelling, chores and odd jobs, newspaper routes and pet care are held by children nowadays. Most of these jobs held by children between twelve and sixteen are seen as a tool for children to learn to take responsibilities, gain independence and self-confidence, among other values.
But there are still children that are illegally unemployed in the United States every year and that are abused by their bosses. The most common violation is excessive hours combined with hazardous work.
Child labor in Agriculture
Child labor on family farms remains today unregulated. Children of any age can work an amazing amount of hours after school. There are three groups of farm work. Children working on family farms, seasonal workers and migrant workers, and it is more dangerous for a children working on the family farm, because they are more likely to be permitted to do hazardous work.
Other jobs were children face a rate of fatality higher than adults are in construction, were it is twice as dangerous for a children that for an adult, for that reason children under eighteen are banned from the construction jobs, in sweatshops and in child prostitution and child traffic, which are regulated, but authorities face difficulties stopping all of it.
Conclusion
Child labor is most often seen as something from the past, but it still exists unfortunately, and the causes are numerous.
Monday, January 29, 2007
General Outline
General Outline
Introduction
History facts
Situate the reader in time and place
Thesis statement
North America
Part one
Historical context
Why, where, when did it start in North America?
What were the impacts on the children?
Part two
Fight against it
Who started to be concerned about child labour?
What were the steps followed to end up with a law against child labour?
Central and South America
Part three
(Specific country)
What is their socio-economical situation?
What has been done so far to change the situation?
What can be done?
(Alternative)
North American companies
How are they allowed to use child labour in other countries?
(I know they are not, but they still do)
What can be done to regulate it? / More vigilant, more inspectors…
Introduction
History facts
Situate the reader in time and place
Thesis statement
North America
Part one
Historical context
Why, where, when did it start in North America?
What were the impacts on the children?
Part two
Fight against it
Who started to be concerned about child labour?
What were the steps followed to end up with a law against child labour?
Central and South America
Part three
(Specific country)
What is their socio-economical situation?
What has been done so far to change the situation?
What can be done?
(Alternative)
North American companies
How are they allowed to use child labour in other countries?
(I know they are not, but they still do)
What can be done to regulate it? / More vigilant, more inspectors…
Research proposal
Using Children;
Why such a thing like child labour is part of our history and still exist in some countries?
The research I am about to do about child labour, I hope will help people to understand why child labour is a part of the history of North America and why is it spread in Central and South America nowadays. Moreover, I want my research to explain ways to get over with child labour.
My research will be more like a documented report. I will read a lot about the subject compile information and present them objectively, so people will be able to make their own point of view with the information I will provide.
The research I am about to do about child labour, I hope will help people to understand why child labour is a part of the history of North America and why is it spread in Central and South America nowadays. Moreover, I want my research to explain ways to get over with child labour.
My research will be more like a documented report. I will read a lot about the subject compile information and present them objectively, so people will be able to make their own point of view with the information I will provide.
My approach will be examine and analyse, I believe that reading about it and trying to understand the reasons and then, compiling them in my research will help me understand why such a thing exists and therefore help people interested about the subject to understand as well.
For the audience purpose, I believe I will have to had a lexical at the end of the paper and notes that will explain some of the facts and sometimes that will give more information that were not relevant to include in the paper, but that are extra pertinent information.
This topic really came out of nowhere. I am a person that is interested in so many different subjects that I did not know what I was going to do with that research. However, while searching the Internet, I saw those two words, and read about it. It seemed pretty interesting and I could not stop thinking about it. People’s right is something that really touches me deeply, and I want to learn more about it, I need to. It’s worth my time because I think not enough people know about the subject, including me. It is a way for me to learn something new and to get other people to know about it as well. In a way, I want to teach something to the ones that will read my paper and my blog about child labour and children rights and I want them to become concerned about that subject, because while reading about it, I became concerned. If abusing children mentally and physically at a young age is not worth my time knowing about, then nothing is.
The first step is to read about child labour in America, in order to discover enough information to have a complete paper. My second step is, as I am going to read, I will take notes on paper. I am not a computer fan, therefore, I rather write it on card boards. Then as a third step, when I will be done finding my information, I will revise the parts I want to do, because I can end up having too much for a 12 page paper. Therefore, I am going to keep only the information that is relevant to my research question. After taking notes on what is important, my fourth step will be writing my first draft, not a complete 12 page, because I want to keep a certain freedom. As a fifth step, I will have my revising team reading it. I might finish a part, have them read it, correct it, get them to read it again, and then present the other parts and so on. Then, the sixth part will be writing the final version and show it to my revising team again, prepare a sheet with questions for them to answer, so I will know I have included only important information and I have answered all their questions about child labour. Then, I will compile their answers, will put the final touches, go to the writing center for final correction and I will give it in.
Hopefully, now you know more why I want to do that research and what I want to do with it.
Carole
Reasons
Hello everyone and especially professor Saint-Yves,
I just wanted to say that the reason why there are no posts from last week is because I was really sick and I could not really get up from my bed without feeling dizzy, therefore I am a little late behind and this is why none of the work that was asked for is posted. I will post it later on this week. I am doing my best to catch up and I will, do not worry.
Thank you all for your understanding,
Carole
American vs. British
a) American and British English are different in many ways, first of all in Grammar. Most of the time, as cited from the book, one form is possible for one kind of English, while the two forms are possible for the other kind.
e.g. American; He just went home, or He’s just gone home.
British; He’s just gone home.
The second difference is in Vocabulary, most of the time the meaning for the same word differs from American English to British English.
e.g. Same meaning different word
America English British English
Apartment flat
The third difference is in spelling. The most difference in spelling is when a word ends in –or in American English, ends in –our in British English, or a word that ends in –er in American English, ends in –re in British English. Some of the verbs ending in –ize in American English, end in –ize or –ise in British English, and many words are different in the way their written.
e.g. American English British English
color colour
center centre
computerize computerise
aluminum aluminium
And the last difference is in pronunciation. There are many ways the pronunciation differs when comparing American English and British English, but the most noticeable one is the final ‘r’ pronunciation. In American English, the final ‘r’ is always pronounced, when in British English, the final ‘r’ is dropped, because the ‘r’ sound is pronounced only before vowels.
e.g. car, offer, turn
British English as one more pronounce vowel than American English.
e.g. dog, got, gone
b) Standard English is the kind of English spoken in London and the East Midlands after the King’s Alfred victory over the Vikings. It was the proper English to be used in the government, the law, business, education and literature.
c) Dialect English is the kind of English that is spoken by people in the streets that make mistakes because they did not learn the correct grammar.
d) The main differences are in pronunciation, the grammar mistakes, structure, use of appropriate vocabulary.
e) Languages do change over time because many factors influence it. The main reasons are the communicative needs of the language, the influence from other dialects, languages simplify themselves, non important distinctions disappear, new forms are uses, less well see forms become respectable, mistakes become part of the language, and phonetic forms changes.
I just wanted to say that the reason why there are no posts from last week is because I was really sick and I could not really get up from my bed without feeling dizzy, therefore I am a little late behind and this is why none of the work that was asked for is posted. I will post it later on this week. I am doing my best to catch up and I will, do not worry.
Thank you all for your understanding,
Carole
American vs. British
a) American and British English are different in many ways, first of all in Grammar. Most of the time, as cited from the book, one form is possible for one kind of English, while the two forms are possible for the other kind.
e.g. American; He just went home, or He’s just gone home.
British; He’s just gone home.
The second difference is in Vocabulary, most of the time the meaning for the same word differs from American English to British English.
e.g. Same meaning different word
America English British English
Apartment flat
The third difference is in spelling. The most difference in spelling is when a word ends in –or in American English, ends in –our in British English, or a word that ends in –er in American English, ends in –re in British English. Some of the verbs ending in –ize in American English, end in –ize or –ise in British English, and many words are different in the way their written.
e.g. American English British English
color colour
center centre
computerize computerise
aluminum aluminium
And the last difference is in pronunciation. There are many ways the pronunciation differs when comparing American English and British English, but the most noticeable one is the final ‘r’ pronunciation. In American English, the final ‘r’ is always pronounced, when in British English, the final ‘r’ is dropped, because the ‘r’ sound is pronounced only before vowels.
e.g. car, offer, turn
British English as one more pronounce vowel than American English.
e.g. dog, got, gone
b) Standard English is the kind of English spoken in London and the East Midlands after the King’s Alfred victory over the Vikings. It was the proper English to be used in the government, the law, business, education and literature.
c) Dialect English is the kind of English that is spoken by people in the streets that make mistakes because they did not learn the correct grammar.
d) The main differences are in pronunciation, the grammar mistakes, structure, use of appropriate vocabulary.
e) Languages do change over time because many factors influence it. The main reasons are the communicative needs of the language, the influence from other dialects, languages simplify themselves, non important distinctions disappear, new forms are uses, less well see forms become respectable, mistakes become part of the language, and phonetic forms changes.
Monday, January 22, 2007
What am I going to talk about?
Informal labor (includes street vending, begging, camel jockeying, portering, and other service industries)
Commercial labor (includes factory work, farming, fishing, mining, quarrying, and all other forms of manufacturing)
Subject to both conditions
No significant cases reported (white colour)
Hello again,
We were asked to post here a summary about what we want to do as a research paper, therefore, here is what I want to do with my research.
The research paper I will do for written communication 2 is going to be about child labour. I 
have found many references so far, and I believe there is enough work done about it for me to do a proper research. I am thinking about dividing it in two or three parts. I want to talk about the history of child labour, where did it start, why, and when. The two other parts I am thinking about presently are, whether I will talk about how it stopped, and/or what are the repercussions on children lives to work at a young age. I am most certainly leaning towards the history of child labour, this in mind; I believe I am going to focus more on the why, how and when it started and how it stopped. Therefore, I am going to analyse child labour in North America, because here, for most of it, it is not allowed anymore and is well checked upon by authorities.
have found many references so far, and I believe there is enough work done about it for me to do a proper research. I am thinking about dividing it in two or three parts. I want to talk about the history of child labour, where did it start, why, and when. The two other parts I am thinking about presently are, whether I will talk about how it stopped, and/or what are the repercussions on children lives to work at a young age. I am most certainly leaning towards the history of child labour, this in mind; I believe I am going to focus more on the why, how and when it started and how it stopped. Therefore, I am going to analyse child labour in North America, because here, for most of it, it is not allowed anymore and is well checked upon by authorities.If you want to read more about child labour, log on VPN and type the name of the articles that I wrote on the list below. They are all from the EBSCO Host Research Databases accessible on the library website.
** Here the word labour is written in American English because I wanted to write the exact titles of the articles **
Confronting child labor, then and now.
Child labor in America’s history
Child labor in America
Child labor in America 1908-1912
Found on Google.com
Secret Child labor in America
http://hometown.aol.com/munmei/labor.html
Child Labour
http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html
Human rights Watch: Child Labor/Child Labour
http://hrw.org/children/labor.htm
Child Labour on wikipedia.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor
Child Labor: Issues, Causes and Interventions
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/hnp/hddflash/workp/wp_00056.html
Child labor in America’s history
Child labor in America
Child labor in America 1908-1912
Found on Google.com
Secret Child labor in America
http://hometown.aol.com/munmei/labor.html
Child Labour
http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html
Human rights Watch: Child Labor/Child Labour
http://hrw.org/children/labor.htm
Child Labour on wikipedia.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor
Child Labor: Issues, Causes and Interventions
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/hnp/hddflash/workp/wp_00056.html
I hope this will help you to learn more about child labour,
See you all in class,
See you all in class,
Carole
Thursday, January 11, 2007
Maybe I Have Found It :D
I have been thinking for a subject for my academic research and because I am a person that is interested in every subject life bring into my path, I have a hard time finding a subject and keeping it until the end, because there are always news things that pop up into my mind. However going through prof. Sait-Yves’ blog, a subject came up on one of the pages the links brought me to; CHILD LABOUR.
This is a topic I know nothing about and that interests me because as I said in my first entry, I love learning new things, and since I am a person that really cares about humanity in general (the profile I was going to take, if I was to keep on with International Studies, was “Développement du Tiers Monde), this subject I think will really touch my feelings and therefore, help me focussing on my research.
Moreover, since I wanted focus about teaching English because I want to enter the BEELS next semester, maybe there is a way to make the two subjects all together. If not, I will still stick with Child Labour, because I believe there is information to learn about it; like, when did it start, what are the conditions that the children are facing, which countries use them the most, what is there to do about it. I know it will have to be narrowed down, my subjects are always too vague, but I know there is something to discover about that subject, and this will be my main goal.
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